Ethnic Conflict and Ceasefires
Written by Mizzima News Wednesday, 30 December 2009 16:52
The government has initiated a program for ethnic armed groups, which have ceased fire and returned to the legal fold, to be formed into frontier forces under the control of the Commander-in-chief of the Defense Services.
Non-Ceasefire
| # |
Abbr. |
Name |
| 1. |
ALP / ALA | Arakan Liberation Party / Army |
| 2. |
CNF | Chin National Front Leader: Zing Cung |
| 3. |
KNU |
Karen National Union Leader: Saw Tamala Baw |
| 4. |
KNPP |
Karenni National Pregressive Party Leader: Khu Htae Bu Peh |
| 5. |
SSA-S | Shan State Army – South Leader: Ywet Sit |
Ceasefire
| # |
Abbr. |
Name |
Ceasefire |
Special region |
Border guard status |
| 1 |
MNDAA |
Myanmar National Democracy Alliance Army (Kokang) Leader: Phone Kyar Shin |
21 Mar 1989 |
Special Region – 1, Northern Shan State |
|
| 2 |
UWSA |
United Wa State Army Leader: Pao Yuchang & Kyauk Nyi Lai
|
9 May 1989 |
Special Region – 2, Shan State | |
| 3 |
NDAA (ESS) |
National Democratic Alliance Army (Shan/Akha Armed National groups) eastern Shan State Leader: Sai Lin & Lin Ming Xian |
30 June 1989 | Special Region – 4, Eastern Shan State | |
| 4 |
SSA | Shan State Army Leader: Col. Loi Mao |
2 Sept 1989 | Special Region – 3, Shan State | |
| 5 |
NDA-K | New Democratic Army - Kachin Leader: Zahkung Ting Ying |
15 Dec 1989 |
Special Region – 1, North-East Kachin State | |
| 6 |
KDA | Kachin Defence Army (KIO 4th Brigade) Leader: Mahtu Naw |
13 Jan 1991 | Special Region – 5, Northern Shan State | |
| 7 |
PNO | Pa-O National Organization Leader: Aung Kham Hti |
11 April 1991 | Special Region – 6, Southern Shan State | |
| 8 |
PSLF | Palaung State Liberation Front Leader: Aik Mone |
21 April 1991 | Special Region – 7, Northern | surrendered in April 2005? |
| 9 |
KNG |
Kayan National Guard (breakaway group from KNLP) Leader: Gabriel Byan & Htay Ko |
27 Feb 1992 | Special Region – 1, Kayah (Karenni) State | |
| 10 |
KIO |
Kachin Independence Organization Leader: Lanyaw Zawng Hra |
24 Feb 1994 | Special Region – 2, Kachin State | |
| 11 |
KNPLF |
Karenni State Nationalities People’s Liberation Front Leader: Sandar & Htun Kyaw |
9 May 1994 |
Special Region – 2, Kayah (Karenni) State |
|
| 12 |
KNLP |
Kayan New Land Party Leader: Shwe Aye |
26 July 1994 |
Special Region - 3, Kayah (Karenni) State |
|
| 13 |
SSNPLO |
Shan State Nationalities People’s Liberation Organization Leader: Ta Kalei |
9 Oct 1994 |
Southern Shan State (terminate agreement on 2 july 2007) |
surrendered in August 2008 |
| 14 |
NMSP |
New Mon State Party Leader: Nai Shwe Kyin |
29 June 1995 |
Mon State |
|
| 15 |
DKBA |
Democratic Karen Buddhist Army Leader: U Thuzana |
1995 |
Karen State |
|
| 16 |
SSNA |
Shan State National Army Leader: Gun Yawd |
1995 |
Shan State |
surrendered and merged with SSA-A in April 2005 |
| 17 |
KNDA |
Karenni National Defense Army (splitter from KNPP) Leader: Lee Rey |
1996 |
Karenni State |
|
| 18 |
KPF |
Karen Peace Force (ex-KNU 6th Battalion) Leader: Tha Mu Hei |
1997 |
Karen State |
|
| 19 |
KPC |
KNU / KNLA Peace Council (KNU 7th Battalion) Leader:Htein Maung |
2007 |
Karen State |
5 Smaller Ceasefire Groups
| no |
Abbr. |
Name |
Ceasefire |
Special region |
Borderguard status |
| 1 |
LAWPG |
Lasang Awng Wa Peace Group (Breakaway group from split from the KIO/KIA) Leader: Col. Lasan Awng Wah |
2005 |
|
converted into a people’s militia 16 Oct 2009 |
| 2 |
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| 3 |
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| 4 |
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| 5 |